nuria conde & jonathan minchin

which kind if scientist do I have to look for if I want to work with scientists?

interactions between the things that are within an atom, particles =quantum mechanics!

when elements interact with each other it crates molecules

people who study properties of molecules
= biochemistry

when molecules interact with molecules it creates macromolecules
= molecular biologists

possibility of life
unicellular live
= microbiologist

particle and particle and particle join and something happens. It creates an element

if you want to know about elements = chemists!

something that is alive and becomes multicellular
= cellular biologist

level of complex systems within living organisms
= physicians

one of the fields of complex systems
= cultural evolution

because of the culture and knowledge that we developen, we are able to changee things. We are not anymore a passice result of evolution but a active part that is able to engineer, change for good and gor bad, intervene in these processes and systems

life:

a piece of information that can be transmitted and can be evolved

evolveability

thats how the Anthropocene came into being. we forced organisms to change on multiply levels because wee changed the environment

synthetic biology

CRISPR Cas9 is a genome (DNA) editing technique that is revolutionising the synthetic and engineering biology industry as well as academic research.

is a simple and convenient genome editing tool. here with we can change and modify genes - living organisms - DNA

what can we change? the height, the colors, the life span....

this makes possible genetic engineering!

seems like the future but for rats its the present...

Agri & Bio from Zero

we have the possibility to design DNA the way we want

planetary wellbeing

super-population + macro cities
Anthropocene
- contamination (micro-plastics, hormones, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)...)
- Elements exhaustion (lithium, phosphorus...)

Global - Local (nuts, avocados, mosquito...)

Climate change
- climate refugees

all these developments where fueled and paid by companies! Montsanto ect.

it was done by amazing scientists but it always had an monetary aspect to it!

LAB EQUIPMENT - for doing DIY biology

hackteria.org

DYI.org

openwetware.org

here you can find examples, templates, and instructions to built from scratch tools that would costs a lot

doing equipment yourself safes money and allows for personalization

sterility = opposite of life. Sterile means dead - no viruses and bacteria exists.

sterility is an abstract concept

ultraviolet light will make everything sterile if you expose it to it for a while


you can also create a air curtain to stay safe - direct the flux of air (and thus all its component) away from your face, away from your experiment...
- through air-pressure (person)
- through fire (petri-scale... experiment)

DIY auxitic for lactobacillus2

20gr of tomatoe juice
5 gr of bovril
15 gr of agar

for 1 l water

HERE WE GO

scietific method

1. ask one question

2. do background research

3. construct hypothesis


4. design an experiment

5. perform experiment


6. analyze your data

DETAILS are essentiell
exact specie
exact concentration
exact timings

if you don't do a nice design, everything collapses - so DESIGN WELL

scientific diary experiment one:

Tuesday 18.10.22
12:00

breeding in thirty degrees throughout the night

Wednesday 19.10.22
10:30 sorting the scales according to their mediums. we have yeast and auxidity, we have both diy and with lab-mediums

four little snakes of circles of agar. dots

perform a positive and a negative experiment! otherwise
- without control petriscale you have no idea whats going

negative control - you try to create an environment in which nothing happens (isolated)
so that in the positive environment the trials you do will have a result

microbiology: is the study of microscopic organisms (microbes), which are defined as any living organism that is either a single cell (unicellular)or a cell cluster. This includes fungi, protists, and monera.

viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studies within these field. As well as immunology.

in Georgia there is a whole research-centre for bacteria

people working in microbiology have a problem: if you encounter a living organisms that are so small that you cannot see them, it is very difficult to classify what it is


therefore we have a classifications axis

1. what do the organisms live of/ eat?

group one: able to photosynthesis, autotrophs: only need water and CO2 and they can create their own food; this can happen with oxygen (aerobic respiration) or without oxygen


group two: not able to photosynthesis; heterotroph invaginate food particles (phagocytosis). these organisms actually do need material they can live off
…finding via medium and particle tests @what we did in class
- preparing medium, growing sample, observing growth, analysing potential to life.


2. where do the organisms keep their information: DNA?

eukaryote(DNA in the nucleus)
these organisms do not have their information floating around but they created a balloon within their own cell to keep their information safe (organisms ex.: human, fungi,...)

or prokaryote(DNA in the cytoplasm)
these organisms do not have this balloon but have their informations floating around everywhere in their cell (there are no multicellular organisms that are prokaryotes: bacteria,...)

so the two axis are autotroph vs. heterotroph and eukaryote vs. prokaryote

microbiology

THEORY OF EVOLUTION

theory that long was believed in:
endosymbiotic theory of evolution of eukaryotic cells @eva margulis
= a cyanobacterium, is engulfed by a eukaryotic cell.

now: theorists believe that in very early time, organisms already tried to steal the information about photosynthesis. The process of stealing metabolitic-technique information is called kleptoplasty

photosynthetic animals with their symbionts and photosynthetic sacoglossans with varied times of chloroplast retention: kleptoplasty

for a body to life from photosynthesis, it needs a lott of surface space - thats why trees have so many leaves, that why humans are not able to because wee have to little skin (atm)


interesting organisms: elysia crispata

all organisms have two names: the genus and the species (sapiens sapiens)
homo (family) sapiens sapiens


but the classification goes further

life
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

we as designers of new materials will probably use:

escherichia coli - known as e.coli

saccaromyces cerevisiae - yeast

lactobacillus lactis - fermentation for yogurt, cheese, kimchi...

arthrospira platensis - cynobacteria very well known as spirulina

acetobacter xylinum - known as kombucha

how to identify microorganisms?

via isolation. with experiments of different mediums we try to isolate them, preparing a medium which will be able to feed the organism and kill everything else.

1. go hunting (take the sample)

2. know about respiration and nutritional, temperature...

3.1. prepare auxicit media

3.2. dilute (or not) and "strick" the agar plate

how to identify our new microorganims:

1. looking the colony shape

2. microscopy observation (are the organisms dyed or not?) with the help of Bergey's manual of determinative biology (bacteria). this helps to determinate/ classify what you see

3. sequenciation (reading the DNA information) here you still have to have isolated the organism of interest